The phages (viruses) that infect cyanobacteria are called as cyanophages. Among the given examples, LPP-1 is a cyanophage and infects the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. The first cyanophage was discovered in the year 1963. Thus, the correct answer is option D.
Is cyanophage a virus?
Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta or blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through the process of photosynthesis.
Who discovered cyanophage virus?
Cyanophage N-1 is a myovirus bacteriophage that infects freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria of the Nostoc genus. The virus was first isolated by Kenneth Adolph and Robert Haselkorn in 1971 in the US, from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Nostoc muscorum.
What are bacteriophages made of?
All bacteriophages are composed of a nucleic acid molecule that is surrounded by a protein structure. A bacteriophage attaches itself to a susceptible bacterium and infects the host cell.
What kind of organism are algae?
algae, singular alga, members of a group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms of the kingdom Protista. Algae have many types of life cycles, and they range in size from microscopic Micromonas species to giant kelps that reach 60 metres (200 feet) in length.
Who discovered virus?
A meaning of ‘agent that causes infectious disease’ is first recorded in 1728, long before the discovery of viruses by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892.
What is true virus?
All true viruses contain nucleic acid—either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid)—and protein. The nucleic acid encodes the genetic information unique for each virus. The infective, extracellular (outside the cell) form of a virus is called the virion.
Are all algae aquatic?
The majority of algae live in aquatic habitats (Current Biology, 2014). Yet, the word “aquatic” is almost limited in its ability to encompass the diversity of these habitats. These organisms can thrive in freshwater lakes or in saltwater oceans. … Algae are also able to survive on land.
Is there DNA in viruses?
A virus is a small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone. Viruses must infect cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of themselves.
What are the diseases caused by satellite viruses?
In plants, satellites and satellite viruses may attenuate or exacerbate disease caused by the helper virus. Examples of disease include necrosis and systemic chlorosis, or reduced chlorophyll production leading to leaves that are pale, yellow, or yellow-white.
Which of the following is a cyanophage?
LPP-1 was the first cyanophage, which was discovered by Safferman and Morris. It was so named because it can infect three different blue- green algae, which are Lyngbya, Pnormidium and Plectonema.
Are cyanobacteria algae?
Cyanobacteria, also referred to as blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms that live primarily in fresh water and salt water, at the surface and below.
Where are bacteriophages found?
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Also known as phages (coming from the root word ‘phagein’ meaning “to eat”), these viruses can be found everywhere bacteria exist including, in the soil, deep within the earth’s crust, inside plants and animals, and even in the oceans.
Is bacteriophage virus is a good virus?
From the 1920s to the 1950s, scientists investigated whether bacteriophages could be used to treat bacterial infections. After all, these viruses are adept at destroying human pathogens. Scientists found that phage therapy was both effective and, importantly, free from side effects.
What do algae do?
Algae form organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water through the process of photosynthesis, in which they capture energy from sunlight. … In addition to making organic molecules, algae produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.
What do algae eat?
Algae does not consume organic materials; instead, it feeds on the waste materials produced by decomposing materials and the waste of marine animals. The growth of algae is dependent on the process of photosynthesis where the bacteria that forms the organisms takes energy from the rays of the sun to use for growth.
What is algae made from?
Algae is composed of ~ 50% carbon, 10% nitrogen, and 2% phosphorus. Table 10.3 shows the composition of various algae looking at the percentages of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acid. Table 10.3: Composition of algae – protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acid. Spirogyra sp.
What is the oldest virus?
Smallpox and measles viruses are among the oldest that infect humans. Having evolved from viruses that infected other animals, they first appeared in humans in Europe and North Africa thousands of years ago.
Who named viruses?
Viruses are named based on their genetic structure to facilitate the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines. Virologists and the wider scientific community do this work, so viruses are named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Is Covid a virus?
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a virus called SARS-CoV-2. Most people with COVID-19 have mild symptoms, but some people can become severely ill.
What are 3 facts about viruses?
- Viruses are not alive: They do not have cells, they cannot turn food into energy, and without a host they are just inert packets of chemicals.
- Viruses are not exactly dead, either: They have genes, they reproduce, and they evolve through natural selection.
Is virus a living thing?
Viruses are not living things. Viruses are complicated assemblies of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, but on their own they can do nothing until they enter a living cell. Without cells, viruses would not be able to multiply.
Is a virus a parasite?
Excerpt. Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses may be viewed as mobile genetic elements, most probably of cellular origin and characterized by a long co-evolution of virus and host.
Can algae be bad?
Harmful algae and cyanobacteria (sometimes called blue-green algae) can produce toxins (poisons) that can make people and animals sick and affect the environment. … Algae and cyanobacteria can rapidly grow out of control, or “bloom,” when water is warm, slow-moving, and full of nutrients.
Where do algae grow?
Many kinds of algae grow in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, oceans, puddles and waterfalls. Algae also grow in very damp, yet not aquatic, habitats. For example, the rocks surrounding a creek or river may be damp enough to support a lush carpet of algae.
Is algae helpful or harmful?
There are thousands of species of algae; most are beneficial and only a few of these produce toxins or have other harmful effects. … A bloom does not have to produce toxins in order to be harmful to the environment. It can also be harmful by causing anoxic conditions where oxygen is depleted from the water.
Is Covid an RNA virus?
COVID-19, short for “coronavirus disease 2019,” is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Like many other viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus. This means that, unlike in humans and other mammals, the genetic material for SARS-CoV-2 is encoded in ribonucleic acid (RNA).
How are viruses created?
Viruses might have come from broken pieces of genetic material inside early cells. These pieces were able to escape their original organism and infect another cell. In this way, they evolved into viruses. Modern-day retroviruses, like the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), work in much the same way.
How can you tell if a virus is RNA or DNA?
DNA viruses contain usually double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) and rarely single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA). These viruses replicate using DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase. RNA viruses have typically ssRNA, but may also contain dsRNA. ssRNA viruses can be further grouped as positive‐sense (ssRNA(+)) or negative‐sense (ssRNA(−)).
What is a satellite infection?
A satellite is a subviral agent composed of nucleic acid that depends on the co- infection of a host cell with a helper or master virus for its multiplication. When a satellite encodes the coat protein in which its nucleic acid is encapsidated it is referred to as a satellite virus.
Which viruses belong to the group of satellite viruses?
- Capsid.
- Helper Virus.
- Mutation.
- Hepatitis Delta Virus.
- Host Cell.
- Hepatitis B Virus.
- Virion.
- Satellite Tobacco Necrosis Virus.
What are the characteristics of a satellite virus?
Satellite viruses encode a structural protein that encapsidates their genome and so have nucleoprotein components distinct from those of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids encode either non-structural proteins, or no proteins at all, and are encapsidated by the CP of helper viruses.
Are cyanobacteria harmful?
Cyanobacteria blooms that harm people, animals, or the environment are called cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms. … Cyanobacteria blooms can steal the oxygen and nutrients other organisms need to live. y making toxins, called cyanotoxins. Cyanotoxins are among the most powerful natural poisons known.
Why are cyanobacteria called bacteria?
The reason is that cyanobacteria appeared to look a lot like green algae when they were first discovered. We now know that they really are bacteria (prokaryotes). … Cyanobacteria appear coloured because they contain the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (green) and photocyanin (blue).
Which is an example of cyanobacteria?
Examples of cyanobacteria: Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Spirulina, Microcystis, Anabaena.
Do phages walk?
Researchers had already suggested that bacteriophages like T7 “walk” over the cell surface, yet this is the first experimental evidence to prove their hypothesis. Other aspects of process came as a surprise.
Are bacteriophages alive?
Bacteriophages, or “phages” for short, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Phages and other viruses are not considered living organisms because they can’t carry out biological processes without the help and cellular machinery of another organism.
Do bacteriophages infect humans?
Phages cannot infect human cells, and so they pose no threat to us. Figure 2 – Bacteriophages have protein heads and tails, which are packed with DNA. When a phage attacks a bacterium, it injects its DNA. The bacterium them makes more phages that are released when the bacterium bursts.