Edessa (modern Urfa), located today in south-east Turkey but once part of upper Mesopotamia on the frontier of the Syrian desert, was an important city throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Which country is Edessa?
Edessa, Modern Greek Édhessa, city and dímos (municipality), Central Macedonia (Modern Greek: Kendrikí Makedonía) periféreia (region), northern Greece. It is situated on a steep bluff above the valley of the Loudhiás Potamós (river).
What is the history of Edessa?
Edessa became one of the frontier cities of the province of Osroene and lay close to the border of the Sasanian Empire. The Battle of Edessa took place between the Roman armies under the command of the emperor Valerian and the Sasanian forces under emperor Shapur I in 260.
What happened at Edessa?
Siege of Edessa, (28 November–24 December 1144). The fall of the crusader city of Edessa to the Muslims was the spark that ignited the Second Crusade. The victory entrenched Zengi as leader of the Muslims in the Holy Land, a mantle that would be taken up by his son Nur ad-Din and then by Saladin.
What were the 4 Crusader states?
To govern the conquered territory, those who remained established four large western settlements, or Crusader states, in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli.
What happened in Edessa in the First Crusade?
The siege of Edessa (Arabic, romanized: fatḥ al-Ruhāʾ, lit. ‘liberation of Edessa’) took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.
Where is the biblical city of Antioch?
The ancient city of Antioch was originally founded as part of the Greek Empire. The city was built by Seleucus I, who was a general of Alexander the Great. Location: Located about 300 miles north of Jerusalem, Antioch was built next to the Orontes River in what is now modern-day Turkey.
What happened to Edessa in 259 BC?
The Roman army was defeated and captured in its entirety by the Persian forces; for the first time, a Roman emperor was taken prisoner. As such, the battle is generally viewed as one of the worst disasters in military history.
What happened to Pella?
Pella was mostly destroyed around 90 BC by an earthquake, and a new distinct Roman town was established near the site of the old city. Although Pella was made a Roman Colonia around 45 BC, the area was used to settle displaced peasants whose lands were awarded to veterans of the legions.
Which Indian apostle died?
72 CE: Thomas the Apostle Is Murdered in India. According to common Christian tradition, ‘doubting’ Thomas, a practicing Jew, was killed by jealous Hindu priests of Kali.
Who was the leader of Edessa in 1097?
Baldwin I | |
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Successor | Baldwin II |
Count of Edessa | |
Reign | 1098–1100 |
Successor | Baldwin II |
In which era was the Assyrian church founded?
The historical distinctiveness of the Assyrian Church of the East resulted from the series of complex processes and events that occurred within the Church of the East during the transitional period that started in the middle of the 16th century, and lasted until the beginning of the 19th century.
Where is Antioch now )?
Antioch, Turkish Antakya, populous city of ancient Syria and now a major town of south-central Turkey. It lies near the mouth of the Orontes River, about 12 miles (19 km) northwest of the Syrian border. Antioch was founded in 300 bce by Seleucus I Nicator, a former general of Alexander the Great.
Which Roman emperor was captured by the Sassanids?
The capture of the emperor Valerian (r. 253–260) by the Sasanian Persians in Syria is an iconic defeat in the history of the Roman Empire, an event which the historian Zosimus called “the greatest shame to the name of the Romans for future generations” (Zos. 1.36.
Was the Roman emperor who was not only defeated but captured and taken prisoner by the Persians?
In 259, Valerian moved on to Edessa, but an outbreak of plague killed a critical number of legionaries, weakening the Roman position, and the town was besieged by the Persians. At the beginning of 260, Valerian was decisively defeated in the Battle of Edessa and held prisoner for the remainder of his life.
What is a Crusader army?
Crusader armies contained heavy cavalry, infantry and ranged troops such as archers or crossbowmen. The original leadership was generally made up of high-ranking knights from modern-day France and Belgium.
What language did crusaders speak?
The native Christians and Muslims, who were a marginalized lower class, tended to speak Greek and Arabic, while the crusaders, who came mainly from France, spoke French.
Why did the Crusader states fail?
Crusading came to an end in the 16th century, mainly because of changes in Europe brought on by the Protestant Reformation and not because the Muslim threat had diminished. Martin Luther and other Protestants had no use for Crusades, which they believed were cynical ploys by the papacy to grab power from secular lords.
When did Baldwin capture Edessa?
Baldwin forced Toros to abdicate and took possession of Edessa in 1098. He consolidated his new principality and strengthened its ties with the native Armenians by marrying Arda, the daughter of an Armenian noble.
How did the County of Edessa fall?
Later in 1104, Edessa was attacked by Mosul, and both Baldwin and Joscelin were taken prisoner after their defeat at the Battle of Harran. Bohemond’s cousin Tancred became regent in Edessa (although Richard of Salerno actually governed the territory), until Baldwin and Joscelin were ransomed in 1108.
Why did the siege of Damascus fail?
Date | 24–28 July 1148 |
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Location | Damascus |
Result | Strategic Muslim victory Crusader withdrawal due to poor logistics and dispute over the city’s fate |
What language did the people of Antioch speak?
Like New York City and Los Angeles do today, Antioch lured aspiring entrepreneurs from all over the Mediterranean. It became a melting pot of many cultures and faiths with an astonishing variety of people. Among the languages they spoke or read were Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Syriac, and Persian.
What is Antioch religion?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Antioch international movement of churches is a network of evangelical churches based in Waco, Texas founded in 1987 by the couple Jimmy and Laura Seibert. The movement is primarily focused on church planting and is non-denominational.
When was Antioch destroyed?
The splendour of Late Antique Antioch was destroyed by a series of catastrophes during the sixth century, i. e. the fire of October 525, the earthquakes in May 526 and November 528, and the Persian conquest in June 540 2.
Did the Romans fight the Persian Empire?
The Roman–Persian Wars, also known as the Roman–Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian. The expense of resources during the Roman–Persian Wars ultimately proved catastrophic for both empires. …
What caused the battle of Adrianople?
low morale – the Roman army was tired, hungry, and thirsty when they arrived at Adrianople. poor and inadequate scouting – Valens had no knowledge of the 10,000 Greuthungi cavalry who would join Fritigern later.
What happened in Pella in the Bible?
First Christians: the “flight to Pella”
According to Epiphanius, the disciples had been miraculously told by Christ to abandon Jerusalem because of the siege it was about to undergo. Epiphanius claims that after the destruction, some returned to Jerusalem.
Who defeated Alexander the Great?
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath on Sunday (November 14) said that Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Mauryan empire in the 4th century BC, had defeated Alexander of Macedon in battle — and yet, it is the latter whom historians have chosen to call “great”.
Who was Thomas’s twin brother?
Didymus comes from the ancient Greek word for twin, while Thomas comes from the Aramaic word, also meaning twin. This would suggest that the Apostle Thomas’ real name was actually Judas – not THAT Judas – and was referred to as ‘Twin Judas Twin’ and was one of Christ’s brothers.
Who brought Christianity to India?
The Saint Thomas Christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for Saint Thomas the Apostle, who is said to have brought Christianity to India. The name dates back to the period of Portuguese colonisation. They are also known, especially locally, as Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila.
Did Jesus have any biological brothers or sisters?
Jesus’ brothers and sisters
The New Testament names James the Just, Joses, Simon, and Jude as the brothers (Greek adelphoi) of Jesus (Mark 6:3, Matthew 13:55, John 7:3, Acts 1:13, 1 Corinthians 9:5). The same verses also mention unnamed sisters of Jesus.
Did Baldwin defeat Saladin?
Muslim historians considered Saladin’s defeat to be so severe that it was only redeemed by his victory ten years later at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, although Saladin defeated Baldwin in the Battle of Marj Ayyun in 1179, only to be defeated by Baldwin again at the Battle of Belvoir Castle in 1182.
Who is the current king of Jerusalem?
King Juan Carlos owns the title of King Of Jerusalem and King of Kings as well as Holy Roman Emperor.
How did the Crusaders get into Antioch?
Sometime during the winter, Bohemond made contact inside the city with a Christian soldier named Firouz, who had command of the Gate of Two Sisters. On 2 June, Firouz opened the gate, allowing the crusaders to enter and join the Christian inhabitants in a massacre of the Turks.
Why did the Assyrian church split?
Last year, the Assyrian Church ended a 1,500-year schism with the Roman Catholic Church that was caused by a theological dispute about the dual nature of Jesus Christ. In a ceremony at the Vatican on Nov. 9, 1994, Dinkha and Pope John Paul II signed a “Common Christological Declaration.”
How do Orthodox celebrate Holy Communion?
The Orthodox believe that by the consecration the bread and wine are truly changed into the Body and Blood of Christ. Communion is given in a spoon containing both the bread and the wine and is received standing. A sermon is usually preached either after the reading of the Gospel or at the end of the service.
What do Assyrian Christians believe in?
Assyrians are predominantly Christian, mostly adhering to the East and West Syriac liturgical rites of Christianity.
Why was it called Antioch?
History | |
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Condition | Mostly buried |
What does the word Antioch mean?
The name, also borne by several Syrian kings and an eclectic philosopher, is a Latinized form of Greek Antiokhos, literally “resistant, holding out against,” from anti “against” (see anti-) + ekhein “to have, hold;” in intransitive use, “be in a given state or condition” (from PIE root *segh- “to hold”).
Where is Ephesus today?
Ephesus; Ancient Greek city of Asia Minor, near the mouth of the Menderes River, in what is today West Turkey, South of Smyrna (now Izmir). One of the greatest of the Ionian cities, it became the leading seaport of the region. Its wealth was proverbial.