On 8 April 1960, Governor-General Charles Robberts Swart declared the ANC illegal, and they would remain outlawed for the next thirty years. After being outlawed, the ANC formed the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) to fight against apartheid utilising guerrilla warfare and sabotage.
Who was involved in the defiance campaign?
In December of that year, leaders in the African Congress Youth League (ANCYL), such as Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo, took power. The African National Congress (ANC) also “adopts the Programme of Action” on 17 December, which advocated a more militant approach to protesting apartheid.
What does POQO stand for?
The Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA), formerly known as Poqo (loosely translated as “pure”, “alone” or “blacks only”), was the military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress, an African nationalist movement in South Africa.
Who was deputy president when Zuma was president?
Jacob Zuma | |
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Deputy | Kgalema Motlanthe Cyril Ramaphosa |
Preceded by | Kgalema Motlanthe |
Succeeded by | Cyril Ramaphosa |
13th President of the African National Congress |
What was the significance of uMkhonto we Sizwe?
uMkhonto we Sizwe (Xhosa pronunciation: [uˈmkʰonto we ˈsizwe], meaning “Spear of the Nation”; abbreviated MK) was the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC), co-founded by Nelson Mandela in the wake of the Sharpeville massacre. Its mission was to fight against the South African government.
What is defiance campaign?
Defiance Campaign, noun phrase. Share Cite Help. In historical contexts. Shortened form of Defiance of Unjust Laws Campaign, a nation-wide campaign of non-violent civil disobedience, initiated in 1952 in resistance to certain apartheid laws; a similar campaign organized in 1989.
What was the goal of the 1952 Defiance Campaign?
The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was the first large-scale, multi-racial political mobilization against apartheid laws under a common leadership – by the African National Congress, South African Indian Congress, and the Coloured People’s Congress.
Why was the PAC formed?
It was founded by an Africanist group, led by Robert Sobukwe, that broke away from the African National Congress (ANC), as the PAC objected to the ANC’s “the land belongs to all who live in it both white and black” and also rejected a multiracialist worldview, instead advocating a South Africa based on African …
What was Mandela’s role in the ANC?
Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. … There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944.
What were the 3 stages of decolonization in South Africa?
After an initial phase from 1945 to about 1958, in which white power seemed to be consolidated, decolonization proceeded in three stages: first, the relatively peaceful achievement by 1968 of independence by those territories under direct British rule (the High Commission territories became Lesotho, Botswana, and …
How many wives does Ramaphosa have?
His Excellency Cyril Ramaphosa | |
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Born | Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa 17 November 1952 Soweto, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa |
Political party | African National Congress |
Spouse(s) | Hope Ramaphosa ( m. 1978; div. 1989) Nomazizi Mtshotshisa ( m. 1991; div. 1993) Tshepo Motsepe ( m. 1996) |
Children | 6 |
Who was Mandela’s vice president?
De Klerk became deputy president in the national unity government under Nelson Mandela.
What does Black Consciousness mean in history?
Black Consciousness began to be defined as “an attitude of mind” or “way of life” of black people who believed in their potential and value as black people and saw the need for black people to work together for a holistic liberation.
What was the grand apartheid?
In contrast to petty apartheid, grand apartheid is the wholly unique system of racially biased laws that limit the personal freedom of all South African blacks and prohibit them from any significant political voice in their Government – a Government that controls nearly every facet of their existence.
Where did Walter Sisulu go to school?
Educated in a local missionary school, Sisulu left in 1926 to find work. He moved to Johannesburg in 1928 and did a wide range of manual jobs. He founded Sitha Investments in 1939.
How did the government react to the defiance campaign?
Although the offences and penalties were minor, the government still became concerned and reacted with the arrest of national leaders of the campaign in Johannesburg and the Eastern Cape. All were charged under the Suppression of Communism Act with promoting communism but were released on bail.
Why did Alexandra bus boycott take place?
The 1957 protest was mobilised after PUTCO again proposed raising its fares from 4d to 5d. With the government refusing to increase its public subsidy to the company, PUTCO argued that a price hike was inevitable.
What happened Kliptown 1955?
The Congress of the People was a gathering organised by the National Action Council, a multi-racial organisation which later became known as the Congress Alliance, and held in Kliptown on 26 June 1955 to lay out the vision of the South African people.
How did the government respond to these acts of defiance against apartheid?
The Defiance Campaign
In early 1953, the Government imposed stiff penalties for protesting against discriminatory laws, including heavy fines and prison sentences of up to five years.
Why is the defiance campaign considered a turning point in South African history?
A tremendous number of people demonstrated against the existing Apartheid Laws by disobeying them to combat Apartheid. The Defiance campaign embraced Gandhi’s notion of Satyagraha, the term he coined in 1907 when he led a batch of volunteers to defy anti-Asian legislation in the Transvaal.
How did South Africa respond to apartheid?
From the early 1950s, the African National Congress (ANC) initiated its Defiance Campaign of passive resistance. Subsequent civil disobedience protests targeted curfews, pass laws, and “petty apartheid” segregation in public facilities.
Who ended apartheid in South Africa?
The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993 and through unilateral steps by the de Klerk government. These negotiations took place between the governing National Party, the African National Congress, and a wide variety of other political organisations.
Why is 16 December a holiday?
The National flag largely represents peace and unity. The Day of Reconciliation is a public holiday in South Africa held annually on 16 December. The holiday came into effect in 1995 after the end of apartheid, with the intention of fostering reconciliation and national unity for the country.
What is the Sobukwe Clause?
The new General Law Amendment Act was passed, allowing his imprisonment to be renewed annually at the discretion of the Minister of Justice. This procedure became known as the “Sobukwe clause” and kept Sobukwe in prison for a further six years. Sobukwe was the only person imprisoned under this clause.
Why was the Sharpeville massacre a turning point?
The Sharpeville massacre contributed to the banning of the PAC and ANC as illegal organisations. The massacre was one of the catalysts for a shift from passive resistance to armed resistance by these organisations.
How effective was the Pan-African Congress?
The Pan-African Congress gained the reputation as a peace maker for decolonization in Africa and in the West Indies. It made significant advance for the Pan-African cause. One of the group’s major demands was to end colonial rule and racial discrimination.
Where is Azania?
Azania (Ancient Greek: Ἀζανία) is a name that has been applied to various parts of southeastern tropical Africa. In the Roman period and perhaps earlier, the toponym referred to a portion of the Southeast Africa coast extending from northern Kenya to the border between Mozambique and South Africa.
What was the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa?
The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.
What was the main anti colonial organization in South Africa?
It was founded in 1960, as the National Committee of Liberation (NCL), by members of South Africa’s Liberal Party, which advocated the dismantling of apartheid and gradually transforming South Africa into a free multiracial society. It was renamed “African Resistance Movement” in 1964.
Tshepo Motsepe (born 17 June 1953) is a South African physician and businesswoman. She is the First Lady of South Africa, as the wife of Cyril Ramaphosa, the President of South Africa. She is the older sister of Bridgette Radebe and her brother is Patrice Motsepe.
What does EFF stand for?
Economic Freedom Fighters | |
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Abbreviation | EFF |
President | Julius Malema |
Chairperson | Veronica Mente |
Secretary-General | Marshall Dlamini |
Who started apartheid?
Hendrik Verwoerd is often called the architect of apartheid for his role in shaping the implementation of apartheid policy when he was minister of native affairs and then prime minister.
What have you Learnt from Mandela’s life history?
“The struggle is my life. I will continue fighting for freedom until the end of my days.” “We can’t win a war, but we can win an election.” “If there are dreams of a beautiful South Africa, there are also roads that lead to that goal.