alae (ā′lē) 1. Zoology A wing or winglike structure or part. 2. Anatomy A flat, winglike anatomic process or part, especially of bone.
What is cephalic alae?
Cephalic alae is a protruding ridge that forms longitudinally. Pharyngeal bulb is a muscular swelling of the esophageal wall around the buccal capsule.
Which parasite has cephalic alae?
vermicularis is distinguished by its blunt lateral cephalic alae (“nose”) and its narrow and sharply-pointed tail, for which it gets the name “pinworm.” The worm has a characteristic white color with a slight yellow tinge.
What is lateral alae?
Lateral Alae
• Lateral alae may occur in males and females as lateral or sublateral extensions of the cuticle which may extend along body. • Occur in several taxa of ascarids and chromadorids.
Do all nematodes have ALAE?
The alae is a protruding ridge that forms longitudinally on many nematodes. In the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode they are present in the L1, dauer (an alternative long living larvae stage where the nematode is dormant) and adult stages.
What is included in ULAE?
Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expense (ULAE) — all external, internal, and administrative claims handling expenses, including determination of coverage, that are not included in allocated loss adjustment expenses (ALAEs).
Is Necator americanus Monoecious or dioecious?
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are the two human hookworm species that are normally discussed together as the cause of hookworm infection. They are dioecious.
How is enterobiasis diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made by identifying the worm or its eggs. Worms can sometimes be seen on the skin near the anus or on underclothing, pajamas, or sheets about 2 to 3 hours after falling asleep. Pinworm eggs can be collected and examined using the “tape test” as soon as the person wakes up.
What is the only nematode egg that is characteristically flattened on one side?
vermicularis received its common name: pin worms. Females are also distinguished by their alae, or wing-like, anterior expansions of the body wall. Both sexes have three lips surrounding the circular mouth. Eggs are elongate and characteristically flattened on one side, measuring 50-60 µm by 20-30 µm.
What are the infections caused by a Lumbricoides and e Vermicularis?
Intestinal and Tissue Nematode Disease
The intestinal nematodes include Trichuris trichiura (Trichuriasis), Enterobius vermicularis (Enterobiasis), and Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis). Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator Americanus cause hookworm infection, while Strongyloides stercorales causes strongyloidiasis.
What is the largest intestinal nematode?
Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest intestinal nematode of humans. Females are up to 30 cm long; males are smaller.
What is the common name of Enterobius vermicularis?
The nematode (roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis is widely known as the human pinworm due to the female’s long, pointed tail. In some areas the common names “seatworm” and “threadworm” are used (the latter of which is sometimes also used to refer to Strongyloides stercoralis).
Are nematodes Acoelomates?
The flatworms are acoelomate organisms that include free-living and parasitic forms. The nematodes, or roundworms, possess a pseudocoelom and consist of both free-living and parasitic forms. … The nematodes and the arthropods belong to a clade with a common ancestor, called Ecdysozoa.
What is lateral field in nematode?
The longitudinal alae delimit the later fields and are known as lateral alae. Their form varies in different species. They are transversed by striations or furrows varying in number from 1 to 12. Functionally, they probably assist in locomotion and may permit slight changes in the width of nematodes.
Why is the cuticle important to the nematode?
The cuticle of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans forms the barrier between the animal and its environment. In addition to being a protective layer, it is an exoskeleton which is important in maintaining and defining the normal shape of the nematode.
What are nematodes PDF?
The Nematoda are a group of nonsegmented worm-like invertebrates that occur worldwide in a wide range of habitats, including fresh and salt waters, soil, plants and animals. They are one of the most abundant group of invertebrates on the face of the earth and rival the arthropods in biodiversity and species abundance.
How is fluid circulation accomplished in nematodes?
Nematodes are triploblastic protostomes with a complete digestive system. Roundworms have no circulatory or respiratory systems so they use diffusion to breathe and for circulation of substances around their body.
In what stage that nematode is known as infective stage?
Developing larvae go through a series of 4 molts with the third stage, the filariform larva, being most often the infective stage. 12. Infection with roundworms can be by ingestion of infective eggs or larvae or by larval penetration of skin or by transmission of larvae through insect bite.
What is the difference between ULAE and ALAE?
ULAE are unallocated loss adjustment expenses which are not claim-file specific but are calculated en mass, usually for a line of insurance. ALAE are allocated loss adjustment expenses. Here the expenses associated with a particular claim are allocated to that claim.
What does ULAE mean?
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses (ULAE) are costs incurred by an insurance company that cannot be attributed to the processing of a specific claim. They are among the expenses for which an insurer has to set aside reserve funds, in addition to allocated loss adjustment expenses and contingent commissions.
What is unallocated expenditure?
Unallocated Expenses means Organizational Expenses and all Expenses not directly related to any Investment.
What does Necator americanus cause?
N. americanus causes hookworm diseases, which are associated with blood loss and anemia. Patients who are infected with around 25 to 100 worms experience symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and slight headaches.
What causes Ancylostomiasis?
Ancylostomiasis is caused when hookworms, present in large numbers, produce an iron deficiency anemia by sucking blood from the host’s intestinal walls.
What is the difference between Necator americanus and Ancylostoma Duodenale?
americanus is smaller than A. duodenale and produces fewer but larger eggs. The former is less virulent but the latter is hardier during its free-living stages and can infect orally as well as via the skin. Such species differences reflect the greater opportunism of A.
What causes enterobiasis?
Enterobiasis is contracted by ingesting the eggs of pinworms, which may be carried on fingernails, clothing, toys or bedding. The eggs may also be inhaled in dust. The infection may be transmitted to others by hand-to-mouth contact with contaminated food or objects.
What are the complications caused by enterobiasis?
E vermicularis can mimic other disease processes and, although rare, can lead to serious infectious complications such as tubo-ovarian abscesses. The following complications have also been noted: appendicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, urethritis, urinary tract infection, and vulvovaginitis.
How is enterobiasis treated?
The medications used for the treatment of pinworm are either mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, or albendazole. Any of these drugs are given in one dose initially, and then another single dose of the same drug two weeks later. Pyrantel pamoate is available without prescription.
Which of the following parasites are also known as Ascarids?
Parascaris equorum, the equine roundworm, is also commonly called an “ascarid”. Their eggs are deposited in feces and soil. Plants with the eggs on them infect any organism that consumes them.
How common is Enterobius vermicularis in the world?
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms) is one of the most common human parasitic helminths and by one estimation, about 200 million people worldwide are supposedly infected, with children aged 5~10 years old accounting for over 30% of cases [1].
What is the life cycle of e Vermicularis?
The life span of the adults is about two months. Adults mate in the colon, and the males die after mating. Gravid females migrate nocturnally to the anus and ovideposit eggs in the perianal area. The females die after laying their eggs.
Which of these is a symptom of pinworm infection?
Symptoms of pinworm infection may include: Itching of the anal or vaginal area. Insomnia, irritability, teeth grinding and restlessness. Occasional stomach pain and nausea.
What is scotch test?
Scotchtape™ test
Microbiology A lab method used to. 1. Retrieve eggs from the perianal region in children infected with Enterobius vermicularis–pinworm and.
What are the 6 intestinal nematodes?
Six intestinal nematodes commonly infect humans: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ascaris lumbricoides (large roundworm), Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms), and Strongyloides stercoralis.
What is the smallest intestinal nematode?
The human hookworms A. duodenale and N. americanus are small, gray-white worms about 0.7-1.3cm long and live in the upper small intestine. The ovoid, thin-shelled eggs of the two species are identical and measure about 60 by 40µm (see Figure 7).
Is whipworm a nematode?
The nematode (roundworm) Trichuris trichiura, also called the human whipworm.
What is the life cycle of pinworms?
The entire life cycle, from egg to adult, takes place in the human gastrointestinal tract of a single host, from about 2–4 weeks or about 4–8 weeks. E. vermicularis molts four times; the first two within the egg before hatching and two before becoming adult worm.
What is the common name of Necator americanus?
Mnemonic i | NECAM |
---|---|
Common name i | Human hookworm |
Synonym i | – |
Other names i | ›Necator americanus Stiles, 1902 |
Rank i | SPECIES |
Are nematodes Metazoa?
Like many other organisms in kingdom Animalia (also referred to as metazoa) nematodes are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients from organic sources.
What is the Cephalization of nematoda?
Cephalization means that the brain and sense organs are concentrated in the anterior part of the body. This allows the organism to meet its environment head on, allowing quicker responses to the environment.
What distinguishes platyhelminthes from annelida?
What distinguishes Annelids from Platyhelminthes? Annelids are coelomate while Platyhelminthes are acoelomate. Annelids are also segmented. … Annelids are coelomate and segmented.