This kind of terrorism, also known as bioterrorism, includes, for example, threats to contaminate water supplies or to destroy or disable energy utilities, as well as practices such as the deployment of anthrax or other biological agents.
When did eco terrorism start?
The term “ecoterrorism” was first introduced by Ron Arnold in a 1983 article, where it was defined as “a crime committed to save nature” (Joosse 2012). The term became a household name in the 90’s with the increased activity of groups like Earth Liberation Front (ELF).
Is eco terrorism bad?
In 2008 the Federal Bureau of Investigation said eco-terrorists represented “one of the most serious domestic terrorism threats in the U.S. today” citing the sheer volume of their crimes (over 2,000 since 1979); the huge economic impact (losses of more than US$110 million since 1979); the wide range of victims (from …
What is eco war?
Noun. 1. eco-warfare – violence carried out to further the political or social objectives of the environmentalists.
What do mean by cyber terrorism?
Cyberterrorism is defined by U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation as a premeditated attack against a computer system, computer data, programs and other information with the sole aim of violence against clandestine agents and subnational groups. The main aim behind cyberterrorism is to cause harm and destruction.
Does the Earth Liberation Front still exist?
The ELF was founded in Brighton in the United Kingdom in 1992, and spread to the rest of Europe by 1994. It is now an international organization with actions reported in 17 countries and is widely regarded as descending from Animal Liberation Front because of the relationship and cooperation between the two movements.
What is the motto of ecoterrorism?
ers credo, “No compromise in defense of Mother Earth!“(Elsbach and Sutton, 1992, p. 5), bodes well for the assignment of Earth First! as an eco-terrorist group that institutes property destruction and violence to save nature and spread their extreme environmentalist ideology.
Is nuclear terrorism possible?
The possibility of terrorist organizations using nuclear weapons (including those of a small size, such as those contained within suitcases) is something which is known of within U.S. culture, and at times previously discussed within the political settings of the U.S. It is considered plausible that terrorists could …
What is economic destabilization?
The term economic terrorism or financial terrorism is strictly defined to indicate an attempt at economic destabilization by a group. … They could have either immediate effects or carry psychological effects which in turn have economic consequences.
What factor dominates the left wing movement today?
What factor dominates the left-wing movement today? Symbolic violence.
Who founded the Earth Liberation Front?
1 Moreover, attacks have been perpetrated in virtually every region of the US against a wide variety of targets. The Earth Liberation Front was established in 1992 in Brighton, England and dedicated to saving the environment. It was founded by the more radical members of the activist environmental group, ‘Earth First!
What is Ecofeminist theory?
ecofeminism, also called ecological feminism, branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. Its name was coined by French feminist Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974. … Specifically, this philosophy emphasizes the ways both nature and women are treated by patriarchal (or male-centred) society.
What was the first significant radical environmental group?
While many people believe that the first significant radical environmentalist group was Greenpeace, which made use of direct action beginning in the 1970s to confront whaling ships and nuclear weapons testers, others within the movement, argues as Earth Liberation Front (ELF) prisoner Jeff “Free” Luers, suggests that …
What is difference between cyber crime and cyber terrorism?
The main difference between cybercrime and cyber terrorism lies in the objective of the attack. Cybercriminals are predominantly out to make money, while cyber terrorists may have a range of motives and will often seek to have a destructive impact, particularly on critical infrastructure.
How can cyber terrorism be prevented?
Stay protected while connected. Only connect to the Internet over secure, password-protected networks. Avoid free internet with no encryption. If you do use an unsecure public access point, avoid sensitive activities that require passwords or credit cards.
What happened to Earth first?
Earth First! was formed in 1980 as an alternative to mainstream environmental organizations such as the Sierra Club and the Wilderness Society. Those groups were seen as too moderate and too willing to sacrifice the protection of some wild areas in order to make deals with politicians.
How many fires Elf set?
Meyerhoff, 29, has admitted to being a member of a Eugene cell of the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) known as The Family, which was responsible for more than 20 arsons from 1996 through 2001 in five Western states that did $40 million in damage.
What is Elf Alf?
ELF and ALF are terrorists by definition, using intimidation, threats, acts of violence, and property destruction to force their opinions of proper environmental and animal rights policy upon society.
What kinds of companies did the elf target?
For example, members of ALF did not specifically target private homes, timber/logging companies, or power plants. In contrast, 41.2% of ELF targets were private homes, 8.4% were timber/logging companies, and 3.1% were power plants.
How do terrorists get nukes?
Use of nuclear weapons by terrorists? There are two imaginable ways for terrorists to get nuclear explosives. They could try to build a so-called improvised nuclear device (IND) or they could seek to steal or buy a nuclear weapon.
Are bombs nuclear?
Atom or atomic bombs are nuclear weapons. Their energy comes from reactions that take place in the nuclei of their atoms. During World War Two, “atomic bomb” usually meant a bomb that relies on fission, or the splitting of heavy nuclei into smaller units, releasing energy.
What causes the body to introduce ricin?
If ricin is inhaled, initial symptoms may occur as early as 4-6 hours after exposure, but serious symptoms could also occur as late as 24 hours after exposure. The initial symptoms are likely to affect the respiratory system and can include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough.
The concept of destabilization implies that there is something that is destabilized. What, then, is this “something”? … From a societal standpoint, destabilization thus means that power elites become less and less permanent, and that power becomes more difficult to define.
What’s the meaning of destabilizing?
Definition of destabilize
transitive verb. 1 : to make unstable. 2 : to cause (something, such as a government) to be incapable of functioning or surviving.
How does terrorism impact the economy?
Terrorist acts can cause ripple effects through the economy that have negative impacts. The most obvious is the direct economic destruction of property and lives. Terrorism indirectly affects the economy by creating market uncertainty, xenophobia, loss of tourism, and increased insurance claims.
What is the main reason for terrorism?
Thus, the causes of terrorism suggested include “poverty,” “inequality,” “globalization,” “technology,” “energy,” “oil,” “Islam,” “Islamic fundamentalism,” and “psychopathy,” among others. There are also widespread challenges to each of these causes on both scientific and ideological grounds.
Why did the United Nations have difficulty in drafting a definition of terrorism?
overthrow the existing government. Why did the United Nations have difficulty in drafting a definition of terrorism? … Some military activities have been mislabeled as terrorism. The terrorist label has been indiscriminately applied to many groups.
Which is left and right-wing?
Generally, the left-wing is characterized by an emphasis on “ideas such as freedom, equality, fraternity, rights, progress, reform and internationalism” while the right-wing is characterized by an emphasis on “notions such as authority, hierarchy, order, duty, tradition, reaction and nationalism”.
Where was the Earth Liberation Front founded?
The Earth Liberation Front was established in 1992 in Brighton, England and dedicated to saving the environment. It was founded by the more radical members of the activist environmental group,” Earth First!” who believed criminal acts would better advance their environmentalist agenda than would legal protest.
When was the Earth Liberation Front formed?
OVERVIEW. Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is an eco-terrorist (environmental extremist) movement founded in Brighton, United Kingdom, in 1992, as a spin-off from Earth First! ELF has since been involved in numerous cases of arson, bombing, sabotage, vandalism, and tree spiking.
What is terrorism Wikipedia?
Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear (sometimes indiscriminate) through the violent victimization and destruction of noncombatant targets (sometimes iconic symbols).
Why is nature a feminist issue?
1.1 Nature Is A Feminist Issue
A feminist issue provides ways of understanding, eliminating, and creating alternatives to the oppression of women. … Such data make deforestation, water pollution, and environmental toxins a feminist issue.
What is Marxist feminist theory?
Marxist feminism analyzes the ways in which women are exploited through capitalism and the individual ownership of private property. According to Marxist feminists, women’s liberation can only be achieved by dismantling the capitalist systems in which they contend much of women’s labor is uncompensated.
What is an Ecocentric view?
What is ecocentrism? Ecocentrism finds inherent (intrinsic) value in all of nature. It takes a much wider view of the world than does anthropocentrism, which sees individual humans and the human species as more valuable than all other organisms.
Who made Earth?
Formation. When the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the Sun. Like its fellow terrestrial planets, Earth has a central core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust.
Why is Earth Day celebrated on April 22nd?
The April 22 date was selected in part because it fell between colleges’ spring break and final exams, and also from the observance of Arbor Day, which began in Nebraska in 1872, a day when people are encouraged to plant trees.
What countries celebrate Earth Day?
- Be Part of Earth Day Global Celebrations. Earth Day is celebrated around the world on April 22. …
- History of Earth Day. …
- Earth Day Celebrations Around the World. …
- United States. …
- Denmark. …
- Japan. …
- Great Britain. …
- Spain.