It comprises three sub-processes: (a) selective exposure, through which people avoid communication that is opposite to their existing attitude; (b) selective perception, when people are confronted with unsympathetic material, either they do not perceive it or they make it fit for their existing opinion; and (c) …
What is selective influence theory?
In mass-communication effects research, the theory that rather than the mass media having direct and uniform effects on audiences, audience attention, interpretation, recall, and (cognitive, affective, and behavioural) responses to messages are influenced by the cognitive differences, subcultural identities, and social …
What is selective perception theory?
The selective perception theory holds that we filter stimuli both consciously and unconsciously as we perceive the stimuli. Consciously, we are able to block out certain stimuli, such as colors, sounds, and images.
What is exposure theory in psychology?
The more people see something, the more they will like it. Thus, repetition creates familiarity and familiarity is good. This is the mere exposure theory.
Why might we engage in selective exposure?
A third explanation is that selective exposure occurs because processing like-minded information requires less cognitive effort than processing uncongenial information. According to this idea, citizens may engage in selective exposure because it is cognitively easier (Ziemke, 1980).
What are the four steps of the selective processes theory?
Selective process theory is comprised of four steps: selective exposure, attention, perception and retention. Through selective processes theory, individuals interpret the media in their own way and tend to avoid messages that do not confirm their beliefs.
How do you overcome selective exposure?
A good listener can be aware of selective exposure theory and try to listen more openly to the speaker. As a speaker, you can prepare your speech in a way that helps overcome selective exposure theory by being an honest, credible, and dynamic speaker.
What is the difference between selective exposure and selective attention?
Selective exposure refers to the idea that individuals’ political interests and opinions influence the informa- tion to which they attend. Within political communi- cation the term selective attention is sometimes used synonymously.
In what ways do you selectively expose yourself to media messages?
- Flaunting your wealth and luxuries. We all want to be the life of the party, but sometimes it is worth asking if it is worth the risk. …
- Carelessly using location services. …
- Your usage of social media apps.
What is an example of selective perception?
Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism. The teacher ignores the student’s poor attainment.
Why is selective perception bad?
Science calls this cognitive filtering or selective perception. This is dangerous for variety of reasons because it omits fundamental reality and truth and substitute’s our often flawed opinion with hearsay and narration from those who are least able to offer it. …
What’s an example of selective attention?
Here are some everyday examples of selective attention: Listening to your favorite podcast while driving to work. Having a conversation with a friend in a crowded place. Reading your book on a public transport bus.
What is selective exposure selective perception?
Selective exposure – people keep away from communication of opposite hue. Selective perception – If people are confronting unsympathetic material, they do not perceive it, or make it fit for their existing opinion.
What is selective exposure quizlet?
Selective exposure. – The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases. – result: individuals are more likely to read, listen to, or view a piece of info the more it supports their opinion.
What is meant by selective exposure in marketing?
the perception by an individual of certain, more relevant, facts or advertisements but not of others; also called Selective Perception. See: Selective Distortion Selective Retention.
Who developed exposure theory?
Later in the 1970s, Stanley Rachman developed exposure and response prevention while working with people experiencing obsessions and compulsions. In this method, people were encouraged to conjure up obsessive thoughts and then refrain from performing anxiety-reducing compulsions or behaviors.
What is selective attention in psychology?
Selective attention refers to the processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information.
What is voluntary exposure?
Exposure Voluntary Exposure Infomercials are program-length commercials to which consumers voluntarily expose themselves. Voluntary exposure also occurs online. Examples: • A consumer who clicks on a banner ad or pop up (clickthrough) is voluntarily being exposed to the target site and its marketing message.
Who started Spiral of Silence?
The spiral of silence theory is a political science and mass communication theory proposed by the German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. It states that a social group or society might isolate or exclude members due to the members’ opinions. This stipulates that individuals have a fear of isolation.
What does selective process mean?
Selective processes are the means by which individuals’ preexisting beliefs shape their use of information in a complex environment. … Selective processing is related to motivated reasoning, the idea that individuals’ cognitive processes are goal-oriented and are often biased in favor of their political predispositions.
What is selective recall in communication?
The selective recall model states that this bias arises because memories of highly fearful experiences are more easily retrieved than memories of nonfearful experiences.
What is Congeniality bias?
We typically prefer information that is consistent with our current attitudes, beliefs, and behavior versus information that challenges what we currently think or do. In contrast, these biases are reduced when we are motivated to form an accurate view of the world. …
What is selective attention distortion and retention?
Marketers may attempt to promote their offers intrusively to bypass selective attention filters. Selective Distortion: … Selective distortion is the tendency to interpret information in a way that will fit our preconceptions. Consumers will often distort information to be consistent with prior brand and product beliefs.
What part of the brain controls selective attention?
Meticulous research over decades has found that the control of this vital ability, called selective attention, belongs to a handful of areas in the brain’s parietal and frontal lobes. Now a new study suggests that another area in an unlikely location—the temporal lobe—also steers the spotlight of attention.
Who discovered selective attention?
Anne Treisman proposed her selective attention theory in 1964. His theory is based on the earlier model by Broadbent. Treisman also believed that this human filter selects sensory inputs on the basis of physical characteristics.
When you use social media, you’re putting yourself out there. Tweeting, liking, Instagramming — you have to be willing to share when you decide to share. With a few little adjustments, your social media experience can still be social but more controlled. …
- Less is more. Stop thinking that the amount of stuff you post is the only thing that matters. …
- Get personal. …
- Be creative. …
- Take pride. …
- Chill with the hashtags. …
- Interact with people. …
- Live your life.
Which theory of the impact of the media is predicated on the assumptions of selective exposure and selective perception?
Reinforcement theory predicts that people with already developed opinions will selectively attend to and cognitively incorporate information that supports their own views. Reinforcement theory has three primary mechanisms behind it: selective exposure, selective perception, and selective retention.
How does selective perception work in individuals?
Selective perception is the process by which individuals perceive what they want to hear in a message while ignoring opposing viewpoints. It is a broad term to identify the behavior all people exhibit as we all tend to “see things” based on our personal frame of reference.
How does selective perception help the manager?
Selective perception often reinforces other types of biases. If a manager has a negative opinion of an individual, he or she might be prone to pay more attention to negative behaviors or actions from that individual and ignore the positive actions that would contradict the opinion.
What factors influence selective perception?
Experts say that the factors influencing selective perception include previous experience, attitudes, conditioning, gender, age, race and emotional state. The selective perception theory holds that we filter stimuli both consciously and unconsciously as we perceive stimuli.
What type of barrier is selective perception?
Selective perception is a really important barrier to communication and it is one of the lesser known barriers. This is an internal type of barrier that differs between people (Smith 2015).
What is subliminal perception?
the registration of stimuli below the level of awareness, particularly stimuli that are too weak (or too rapid) for an individual to consciously perceive them.
How does selective perception affect communication?
Selective perception is the tendency to either “under notice” or “over focus on” stimuli that cause emotional discomfort or contradict prior beliefs. … Selective perception introduces bias into the communication process.
What part of the brain filters out irrelevant information?
The pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus plays a major role in attention, and has a major role in filtering out unnecessary information in regards to sensory gating.
How does selective attention develop?
When attention was directed to the rule, participants in all three age groups learned a rule-based category. … The development of attention between 4 and 7 years of age results in greater selectivity—the ability to focus on a few dimensions and filter out irrelevant information.
Is selective attention conscious or unconscious?
Selective attention can be conscious (as when one chooses to attend to an interesting object, like a TV, instead of a less interesting one, like a coffee table) or unconscious (as in a scene of a green field with a single red tulip – the tulip will receive attention initially).