It is first known to have appeared in 2002 in the wake of the February 12 congressional hearings titled “The Threat of Eco-Terrorism”, which discussed groups including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF).
What do Ecoterrorists do?
Eco-terrorism, civil disobedience, and sabotage
Eco-terrorism is often defined as the use of violence carried out to further environmental policy change. Eco-terrorists are willing to inflict emotional and physical distress on their victims if they believe it will further their environmental goals.
Is the elf still active?
The ELF was founded in Brighton in the United Kingdom in 1992, and spread to the rest of Europe by 1994. It is now an international organization with actions reported in 17 countries and is widely regarded as descending from Animal Liberation Front because of the relationship and cooperation between the two movements.
What is ecological terrorism?
ecoterrorism, also called ecological terrorism or environmental terrorism, destruction, or the threat of destruction, of the environment by states, groups, or individuals in order to intimidate or to coerce governments or civilians.
Is nuclear terrorism possible?
The possibility of terrorist organizations using nuclear weapons (including those of a small size, such as those contained within suitcases) is something which is known of within U.S. culture, and at times previously discussed within the political settings of the U.S. It is considered plausible that terrorists could …
What is eco war?
Noun. 1. eco-warfare – violence carried out to further the political or social objectives of the environmentalists.
Who founded the Earth Liberation Front?
1 Moreover, attacks have been perpetrated in virtually every region of the US against a wide variety of targets. The Earth Liberation Front was established in 1992 in Brighton, England and dedicated to saving the environment. It was founded by the more radical members of the activist environmental group, ‘Earth First!
When did eco terrorism start?
The term “ecoterrorism” was first introduced by Ron Arnold in a 1983 article, where it was defined as “a crime committed to save nature” (Joosse 2012). The term became a household name in the 90’s with the increased activity of groups like Earth Liberation Front (ELF).
Where is the Earth Liberation Front?
The ELF was founded in Brighton in the United Kingdom in 1992, and spread to the rest of Europe by 1994. It is now an international organization with actions reported in 17 countries and is widely regarded as descending from Animal Liberation Front because of the relationship and cooperation between the two movements.
How many fires Elf set?
Meyerhoff, 29, has admitted to being a member of a Eugene cell of the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) known as The Family, which was responsible for more than 20 arsons from 1996 through 2001 in five Western states that did $40 million in damage.
What does the term narco terrorism mean?
Narco-terrorism is one of today’s buzzwords in foreign and domestic policy. … The term narco-terrorism was first used to describe campaigns by drug traffickers using terrorist methods, such as the use of car bombs, assassinations and kidnappings, against anti-narcotics police in Colombia and Peru [2].
When a weaker group attacks a stronger group this is referred to as?
When a weaker group attacks a stronger group, this is referred to as: asymmetric warfare. When discussing domestic terrorism, a number of reasons have been given for the acts -committed on U.S. soil.
What is economic destabilization?
The term economic terrorism or financial terrorism is strictly defined to indicate an attempt at economic destabilization by a group. … They could have either immediate effects or carry psychological effects which in turn have economic consequences.
How do terrorists get nukes?
Use of nuclear weapons by terrorists? There are two imaginable ways for terrorists to get nuclear explosives. They could try to build a so-called improvised nuclear device (IND) or they could seek to steal or buy a nuclear weapon.
Are bombs nuclear?
Atom or atomic bombs are nuclear weapons. Their energy comes from reactions that take place in the nuclei of their atoms. During World War Two, “atomic bomb” usually meant a bomb that relies on fission, or the splitting of heavy nuclei into smaller units, releasing energy.
What causes the body to introduce ricin?
If ricin is inhaled, initial symptoms may occur as early as 4-6 hours after exposure, but serious symptoms could also occur as late as 24 hours after exposure. The initial symptoms are likely to affect the respiratory system and can include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough.
What is Ecofeminist theory?
ecofeminism, also called ecological feminism, branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. Its name was coined by French feminist Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974. … Specifically, this philosophy emphasizes the ways both nature and women are treated by patriarchal (or male-centred) society.
What is an example of environmentalism?
Environmentalism as a movement covers broad areas of institutional oppression, including for example: consumption of ecosystems and natural resources into waste, dumping waste into disadvantaged communities, air pollution, water pollution, weak infrastructure, exposure of organic life to toxins, mono-culture, anti- …
What kinds of companies did the elf target?
For example, members of ALF did not specifically target private homes, timber/logging companies, or power plants. In contrast, 41.2% of ELF targets were private homes, 8.4% were timber/logging companies, and 3.1% were power plants.
What happened to Earth first?
Earth First! was formed in 1980 as an alternative to mainstream environmental organizations such as the Sierra Club and the Wilderness Society. Those groups were seen as too moderate and too willing to sacrifice the protection of some wild areas in order to make deals with politicians.
What are the goals of the Earth Liberation Front?
The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) was founded in England in 1992, by former members of Earth First!. The group’s aim is to restore the original ecosystems, which in the opinion of the group’s members, have been destroyed as a result of immoral and selfish human activities.
What is the motto of ecoterrorism?
ers credo, “No compromise in defense of Mother Earth!“(Elsbach and Sutton, 1992, p. 5), bodes well for the assignment of Earth First! as an eco-terrorist group that institutes property destruction and violence to save nature and spread their extreme environmentalist ideology.
What is cyber terrorism in cyber security?
Cyberterrorism is the convergence of cyberspace and terrorism. It refers to unlawful attacks and threats of attacks against computers, networks and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives.
What is Elf ALF?
ELF and ALF are terrorists by definition, using intimidation, threats, acts of violence, and property destruction to force their opinions of proper environmental and animal rights policy upon society.
How did the Animal Liberation Front start?
Animal Liberation Front
ALF started by stealing laboratory animals from farms, circuses and other establishments, before making a dramatic change in its tactics – carrying out hundreds of incendiary attacks, including the use of small incendiary devices to attack department stores.
When was the Earth Liberation Front formed?
OVERVIEW. Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is an eco-terrorist (environmental extremist) movement founded in Brighton, United Kingdom, in 1992, as a spin-off from Earth First! ELF has since been involved in numerous cases of arson, bombing, sabotage, vandalism, and tree spiking.
What is narco-terrorism India?
Narco-terrorism refers to the nexus between narcotics and terrorism. This paper examines different aspects of linkage between the two and its implications for India’s security. … The drug proceeds are used by the Pakistan government and the non-government agencies to destabilise India.
Where did the term narco-terrorism come from?
The original term Narco-Terrorism was coined in 1983 by former Peruvian president Belaunde Terry, who used it to refer to orchestrated attacks by organized crime groups (OCG) on anti-narcotics law enforcement agents in his country.
What type of warfare is terrorism?
Terrorism, like guerrilla warfare a form of unconventional warfare, represents a revival of primitive (or pre-state) war- fare. … Terrorism as an offshoot of stratagem stresses psychological warfare, avoidance of direct confrontation, and a test of moral endurance.
What actions should be taken by someone who has inhaled a chemical agent select all that apply?
Move upwind to an area with good ventilation. Cover as much of your body as possible. Seek medical attention. Contact authorities.
Why did the United Nations have difficulty in drafting a definition of terrorism?
overthrow the existing government. Why did the United Nations have difficulty in drafting a definition of terrorism? … Some military activities have been mislabeled as terrorism. The terrorist label has been indiscriminately applied to many groups.
The concept of destabilization implies that there is something that is destabilized. What, then, is this “something”? … From a societal standpoint, destabilization thus means that power elites become less and less permanent, and that power becomes more difficult to define.
What’s the meaning of destabilizing?
Definition of destabilize
transitive verb. 1 : to make unstable. 2 : to cause (something, such as a government) to be incapable of functioning or surviving.
What is the destabilizing force?
The model is based on two complementary concepts: 1) destabilizing force, that is, the theoretical force necessary, if applied to the body, to bring the body into an unstable state, or, in other words, the force necessary for the centre of mass and centre of pressure to reach and stop at the limit of the base of …